1. Introduction Henry F. Diaz and Vera Markgraf. --Part I. ENSO in the Modern Record: --2. Atmospheric teleconnections associated with the extreme phase of the Southern Oscillation Henry F. Diaz and George N. Kiladis. --3. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and streamflow in the western United States Daniel R. Cayan and Robert H. Webb. --4. Coupled climate model simulation of El Nino/Southern Oscillation: implications for paleoclimate Gerald A. Meehl and Grant W. Branstator. --Part II. Use of Historical Records in ENSO Reconstructions: --5. Historical and prehistorical overview of El Nino/Southern Oscillation David B. Enfield. --6. A study of Southern Oscillation-related climatic activity for A.D. 622–1990 incorporating Nile River flood data William H. Quinn. --7. Historical El Nino/Southern Oscillation variability in the Australasian region Neville Nicholls. --8. A comparison of Southern Oscillation and El Nino signals in the tropics Henry F. Diaz and Roger S. Pulwarty. --9. Long-term changes in the frequency of occurrence of El Nino events Roger Y. Anderson. --Part III. Paleoclimate Reconstructions of El Nino/Southern Oscillation from Tree-Ring Records: --10. Using three rings to study past El Nino/Southern Oscillation influences on climate Edward R. Cook. --11. An index of the Southern Oscillation reconstructed from western North American tree-ring chronologies J. M. Lough. --12. Spectral properties of tree-ring data in the United States Southwest as related to El Nino/Southern Oscillation David M. Meko. --13. A tree-ring reconstruction of New Mexico winter precipitation and its relation to El Nino/Southern Oscillation events Roseanne D. D'arrigo and Gordon C. Jacoby. --14. Temporal patterns of El Nino/Southern Oscillation - wildfire teleconnections in the southwestern United States Thomas W. Swetnam and Julio L. Betancourt. --15. Secular variability of the Southern Oscillation detected in tree-ring data from Mexico and the southern United States Malcolm K. Cleaveland, Edward R. Cooke and David W. Stahle. --Part IV. Records from Ice Cores and Corals: --16. Reconstructing interannual climate variability from tropical and subtropical ice-core records L. G. Thompson, E. Mosley-Thompson and P. A. Thompson. --17. A comparison of proxy records of El Nino/Southern Oscillation Joel Michaelsen and L. G. Thompson. --18. Coral monitors of El Nino/Southern Oscillation dynamics across the equatorial Pacific Julia E. Cole, Glen T. Shen, Richard G. Fairbanks and Michael Moore. --Part V. Low-resolution Paleoclimate Reconstruction of El Nino/Southern Oscillation: Marine and Terrestrial Proxy Indicators: --19. Fishery catch records, El Nino/Southern Oscillation, and longer-term climate change as inferred from fish remains in marine sediments Gary D. Sharp. --20. Long-term changes in El Nino/Southern Oscillation: evidence from marine and lacustrine sediments Roger Y. Anderson, Andy Soutar and Thomas C. Johnson. --21. El Nino/Southern Oscillation climatic variability in Australasian and South American paleoenvironmental records M. S. McGlone, A. P. Kershaw and Vera Markgraf. --22. Synthesis and future prospects Henry F. Diaz, Vera Markgraf and Malcolm K. Hughes. --Index.